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Tree diversity and standing carbon stocks in smallholder forests of Ciamis Regency, Indonesia: Effects of cropping patterns and elevations

Mohamad Siarudin; San Afri Awang; Ronggo Sadono dkk.

PLOS One, Vol. 21 No. 9 · 2026 · Inggris · PLOS Scopus

Smallholder forests (SFs) provide critical ecosystem services by supporting biodiversity conservation and carbon (C) sequestration in tropical landscapes, yet how these functions vary across management systems and environmental gradients remains poorly understood. We investigated the effects of…