357 results for "Benowitz, Neal"
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Pharmacology of Nicotine: Addiction, Smoking-Induced Disease, and Therapeutics
Nicotine sustains tobacco addiction, a major cause of disability and premature death. Nicotine binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors, facilitating neurotransmitter release and thereby mediating the complex actions of nicotine in tobacco users. Dopamine, glutamate, and gamma aminobutyric acid…
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Occupational Medicine
The Council on Scientific Affairs of the California Medical Association presents the following inventory of items of progress in occupational medicine. Each item, in the judgment of a panel of knowledgeable physicians, has recently become reasonably firmly established, both as to scientific fact…
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Treatment of nicotine addiction: present therapeutic options and pipeline developments
Tobacco use is a global pandemic that poses a substantial and costly health burden. There are some treatment options are available, but currently marketed smoking-cessation drugs lack high levels of efficacy, particularly in real-life settings. Consequently, there is a compelling need for more…
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Reducing the nicotine content to make cigarettes less addictive
Nicotine is highly addictive and is primarily responsible for the maintenance of cigarette smoking. In 1994, Benowitz and Henningfield proposed the idea of federal regulation of the nicotine content of cigarettes such that the nicotine content of cigarettes would be reduced over time, resulting in…
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Cardiovascular Toxicity of Nicotine: Implications for Electronic Cigarette Use
The cardiovascular safety of nicotine is an important question in the current debate on the benefits vs risks of electronic cigarettes and related public health policy. Nicotine exerts pharmacologic effects that could contribute to acute cardiovascular events and accelerated atherogenesis…
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The Past, Present, and Future of Nicotine Addiction Therapy
The tobacco addiction treatment field is progressing through innovations in medication development, a focus on precision medicine, and application of new technologies for delivering support in real time and over time. This article reviews the evidence for combined and extended cessation…
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Cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes
Cardiovascular safety is an important consideration in the debate on the benefits versus the risks of electronic cigarette (EC) use. EC emissions that might have adverse effects on cardiovascular health include nicotine, oxidants, aldehydes, particulates, and flavourants. To date, most of the…
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Smoking Cessation and the Cardiovascular Patient
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. Our review highlights research from 2013-2015 on the treatment of cigarette smoking, with a focus on heart patients and cardiovascular outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS: Seeking to maximize the reach and…
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Current advances in research in treatment and recovery: Nicotine addiction
The health harms of combusted tobacco use are undeniable. With market and regulatory pressures to reduce the harms of nicotine delivery by combustion, the tobacco product landscape has diversified to include smokeless, heated, and electronic nicotine vaping products. Products of tobacco combustion…
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Theoretical and retrograde calculation of blood alcohol: wide estimates using the Academy Standards Board for calculations over an extended period of time
INTRODUCTION: Toxicologists defend alcohol testing from their laboratories for medicolegal cases. METHODS: A 22-year-old woman drank 144.1 g of alcohol over 8.25 hours at work. Precise details of her drinking (time, volume, and alcohol content) were provided. At her shift’s end, her supervisor…
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Nicotine Chemistry, Metabolism, Kinetics and Biomarkers
Nicotine underlies tobacco addiction, influences tobacco use patterns, and is used as a pharmacological aid to smoking cessation. The absorption, distribution and disposition characteristics of nicotine from tobacco and medicinal products are reviewed. Nicotine is metabolized primarily by the liver…
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Clinical Pharmacology of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS): Implications for Benefits and Risks in the Promotion of the Combusted Tobacco Endgame
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) such as e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products are novel battery-operated devices that deliver nicotine without combustion of tobacco. Since cigarette smoking is sustained by nicotine addiction and the toxic combustion products are mainly responsible…
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Stability of the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio in Smokers of Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes
INTRODUCTION: The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), the ratio of trans-3′-hydroxycotinine (3-HC) to cotinine, has been used as a biomarker of the rate of CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism. While stable in smokers who maintain constant smoking consumption, since smoking has been shown to inhibit…
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Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Use: JACC Health Promotion Series
Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide and a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Both prevention of smoking initiation among youth and smoking cessation among established smokers are key for reducing smoking prevalence and the associated negative health…
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A Comparison of Nicotine Biomarkers and Smoking Patterns in Daily and Non-daily Smokers
BACKGROUND: Non-daily or intermittent smokers (ITS) are increasingly common, but how much nicotine, if any, ITS take in and how quickly they metabolize it has not yet been studied. METHODS: We compared carbon monoxide (CO), urinary cotinine, and nicotine metabolism (nicotine metabolite ratio [NMR]…