24 hasil untuk "Li-Lin Rao"
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New paradoxes in intertemporal choice
Similar to research on risky choice, the traditional analysis of intertemporal choice takes the view that an individual behaves so as to maximize the discounted sum of all future utilities. The well-known Allais paradox contradicts the fundamental postulates of maximizing the expected value or…
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Is Payoff Necessarily Weighted by Probability When Making a Risky Choice? Evidence from Functional Connectivity Analysis
How people make decisions under risk remains an as-yet-unresolved but fundamental question. Mainstream theories about risky decision making assume that the core processes involved in reaching a risky decision include weighting each payoff or reward magnitude by its probability and then summing the…
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Is an Idea Different from Cake: Can You Have It and Eat It, Too? A Violation of Permanence in Information Consumption
One of the basic features of information is permanence. This feature states that the consumption of information by one consumer does not affect the availability of that information to other consumers. We present examples in two studies indicating that both laymen and experts of information exchange…
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Are Risky Choices Actually Guided by a Compensatory Process? New Insights from fMRI
The dominant theories about risky decision-making assume that decision conflicts are solved by a compensatory process involving a trade-off of probability against payoff, but it is unclear whether these theories actually represent the events that occur when people make a risky decision. By…
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Worth-based choice: giving an offered smaller pear an even greater fictional value
Choices between options represented in a multidimensional space, in which each dimension signifies a distinct attribute describing the objects, are presumably guided by the principle of value maximization. However, the current study assumes that in a real-world setting, those who are able to…
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Genetic and Environmental Influences on Gambling: A Meta-Analysis of Twin Studies
Disentangling the genetic and environmental influences of gambling is important for explaining the roots of individual differences in gambling behavior and providing guidance for precaution and intervention, but we are unaware of any comprehensive and systematic quantitative meta-analysis. We…
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An open dataset of Chinese duration expressions
Abstract Duration information is essential for understanding and analyzing our world. In textual contexts, duration information is typically conveyed in two formats: numeric (e.g., 1 hour) and verbal (e.g., shortly). To analyze duration information in text, it is crucial to understand how people…
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Pain Now or Later: An Outgrowth Account of Pain-Minimization
The preference for immediate negative events contradicts the minimizing loss principle given that the value of a delayed negative event is discounted by the amount of time it is delayed. However, this preference is understandable if we assume that the value of a future outcome is not restricted to…
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Beyond Smiles: Static Expressions in Maxillary Protrusion and Associated Positivity
Smiles play an important role in social perception. However, it is unclear whether a similar role is played by static facial features associated with smiles (e.g., stretched mouth and visible teeth). In dental science, maxillary dental protrusions increase the baring of the teeth and thus produce…
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Can Sophie's Choice Be Adequately Captured by Cold Computation of Minimizing Losses? An fMRI Study of Vital Loss Decisions
The vast majority of decision-making research is performed under the assumption of the value maximizing principle. This principle implies that when making decisions, individuals try to optimize outcomes on the basis of cold mathematical equations. However, decisions are emotion-laden rather than…
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Psychological Typhoon Eye in the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake
Background: On May 12, 2008, an earthquake measuring 8.0 on the Richter scale jolted Wenchuan, China, leading to 69,227 deaths and 374,643 injured, with 17,923 listed as missing as of Sept. 25, 2008, and shook the whole nation. We assessed the devastating effects on people's post-earthquake concern…
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When uncertainty meets life: The effect of animacy on probability expression
Everyone faces uncertainty on a daily basis. Two kinds of probability expressions, verbal and numerical, have been used to characterize the uncertainty that we face. Because our cognitive concept of living things differs from that of non-living things, and distinguishing cognitive concepts might…
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Progression of the “Psychological Typhoon Eye” and Variations Since the Wenchuan Earthquake
Background: In 2008 after a massive earthquake jolted Wenchuan, China, we reported an effect that we termed a “Psychological Typhoon Eye”: the closer to the center of the devastated area, the lower the level of concern felt by residents about safety and health. We now report on the progression of…
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Town Mouse or Country Mouse: Identifying a Town Dislocation Effect in Chinese Urbanization
Understanding urbanization and evaluating its impact are vital for formulating global sustainable development. The results obtained from evaluating the impact of urbanization, however, depend on the kind of measurement used. With the goal of increasing our understanding of the impact of…