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Artikel Jurnal
Dopamine in Fear Extinction
The ability to extinguish fear memories when threats are no longer present is critical for adaptive behavior. Fear extinction represents a new learning process that eventually leads to the formation of extinction memories. Understanding the neural basis of fear extinction has considerable clinical…
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Artikel Jurnal
Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels in Dopaminergic Substantia Nigra Neurons: Therapeutic Targets for Neuroprotection in Parkinson's Disease?
The loss of dopamine (DA)-producing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) underlies the core motor symptoms of the progressive movement disorder Parkinson's disease (PD). To date, no treatment to prevent or slow SN DA neurodegeneration exists; thus, the identification of the underlying…
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Artikel Jurnal
The Renin–Angiotensin System Modulates Dopaminergic Neurotransmission: A New Player on the Scene
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an extrapyramidal disorder characterized by neuronal degeneration in several regions of the peripheral and central nervous systems. It is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s. It has become a major health problem, affecting 1% of the world…
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Artikel Jurnal
A Multisubcellular Compartment Model of AMPA Receptor Trafficking for Neuromodulation of Hebbian Synaptic Plasticity
Neuromodulation can profoundly impact the gain and polarity of postsynaptic changes in Hebbian synaptic plasticity. An emerging pattern observed in multiple central synapses is a pull–push type of control in which activation of receptors coupled to the G-protein Gs promote long-term potentiation…
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Artikel Jurnal
A Picture Worth a Thousand Molecules—Integrative Technologies for Mapping Subcellular Molecular Organization and Plasticity in Developing Circuits
A key challenge in developmental neuroscience is identifying the local regulatory mechanisms that control neurite and synaptic refinement over large brain volumes. Innovative molecular techniques and high-resolution imaging tools are beginning to reshape our view of how local protein translation in…
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Artikel Jurnal
Genetic Code Expansion and Click-Chemistry Labeling to Visualize GABA-A Receptors by Super-Resolution Microscopy
Fluorescence labeling of difficult to access protein sites, e.g., in confined compartments, requires small fluorescent labels that can be covalently tethered at well-defined positions with high efficiency. Here, we report site-specific labeling of the extracellular domain of γ-aminobutyric acid…
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Artikel Jurnal
Neuron Type-Dependent Synaptic Activity in the Spinal Dorsal Horn of Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia Mouse Model
Opioids are widely used for pain relief; however, chronic opioid use causes a paradoxical state of enhanced pain sensitivity, termed “Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH).” Despite the clinical importance of OIH, the detailed mechanism by which it enhances pain sensitivity remains unclear. In this…
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Artikel Jurnal
Phenotypic Characterization and Brain Structure Analysis of Calcium Channel Subunit α2δ-2 Mutant (Ducky) and α2δ Double Knockout Mice
Auxiliary α2δ subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels modulate channel trafficking, current properties, and synapse formation. Three of the four isoforms (α2δ-1, α2δ-2, and α2δ-3) are abundantly expressed in the brain; however, of the available knockout models, only α2δ-2 knockout or mutant mice…
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Artikel Jurnal
Endocannabinoids Released in the Ventral Tegmental Area During Copulation to Satiety Modulate Changes in Glutamate Receptors Associated With Synaptic Plasticity Processes
Endocannabinoids modulate mesolimbic (MSL) dopamine (DA) neurons firing at the ventral tegmental area (VTA). These neurons are activated by copulation, increasing DA release in nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Copulation to satiety in male rats implies repeated ejaculation within a short period (around…
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Artikel Jurnal
Endocannabinoid Modulation of Nucleus Accumbens Microcircuitry and Terminal Dopamine Release
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is located in the ventromedial portion of the striatum and is vital to valence-based predictions and motivated action. The neural architecture of the NAc allows for complex interactions between various cell types that filter incoming and outgoing information. Dopamine…
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Artikel Jurnal
Naturalistic Spike Trains Drive State-Dependent Homeostatic Plasticity in Superficial Layers of Visual Cortex
The history of neural activity determines the synaptic plasticity mechanisms employed in the brain. Previous studies report a rapid reduction in the strength of excitatory synapses onto layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal neurons of the primary visual cortex (V1) following two days of dark exposure and…
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Artikel Jurnal
Plasticity of GluN1 at Ventral Hippocampal Synapses in the Infralimbic Cortex
Although the infralimbic cortex (IL) is not thought to play a role in fear acquisition, recent experiments found evidence that synaptic plasticity is occurring at ventral hippocampal (vHPC) synapses in IL during auditory fear acquisition as measured by changes in the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)…
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Artikel Jurnal
NPY Released From GABA Neurons of the Dentate Gyrus Specially Reduces Contextual Fear Without Affecting Cued or Trace Fear
Disproportionate, maladapted, and generalized fear are essential hallmarks of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which develops upon severe trauma in a subset of exposed individuals. Among the brain areas that are processing fear memories, the hippocampal formation exerts a central role linking…
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Artikel Jurnal
Current Therapies for Neonatal Hypoxic–Ischaemic and Infection-Sensitised Hypoxic–Ischaemic Brain Damage
Neonatal hypoxic–ischaemic brain damage is a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity, including cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and cognitive disabilities. The majority of neonatal hypoxic–ischaemic cases arise as a result of impaired cerebral perfusion to the foetus attributed to uterine…
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Artikel Jurnal
Discordant Effects of Cannabinoid 2 Receptor Antagonism/Inverse Agonism During Adolescence on Pavlovian and Instrumental Reward Learning in Adult Male Rats
The endocannabinoid system is responsible for regulating a spectrum of physiological activities and plays a critical role in the developing brain. During adolescence, the endocannabinoid system is particularly sensitive to external insults that may change the brain’s developmental trajectory…
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Artikel Jurnal
Room for Two: The Synaptophysin/Synaptobrevin Complex
Synaptic vesicle release is regulated by upwards of 30 proteins at the fusion complex alone, but disruptions in any one of these components can have devastating consequences for neuronal communication. Aberrant molecular responses to calcium signaling at the pre-synaptic terminal dramatically…
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Artikel Jurnal
Cannabinoid Modulation of Dopamine Release During Motivation, Periodic Reinforcement, Exploratory Behavior, Habit Formation, and Attention
Motivational and attentional processes energize action sequences to facilitate evolutionary competition and promote behavioral fitness. Decades of neuropharmacology, electrophysiology and electrochemistry research indicate that the mesocorticolimbic DA pathway modulates both motivation and…
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Artikel Jurnal
A Model for Predicting Cation Selectivity and Permeability in AMPA and NMDA Receptors Based on Receptor Subunit Composition
Glutamatergic AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors are implicated in diverse functions ranging from synaptic plasticity to cell death. They are heterotetrameric proteins whose subunits are derived from multiple distinct gene families…