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Artikel Jurnal
Cell-type specific mechanisms of D-serine uptake and release in the brain
Accumulating evidence during the last decade established that D-serine is a key signaling molecule utilized by neurons and astroglia in the mammalian central nervous system. D-serine is increasingly appreciated as the main physiological endogenous coagonist for synaptic NMDA receptors at central…
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Artikel Jurnal
Activity of D-amino acid oxidase is widespread in the human central nervous system
It has been proposed that D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) plays an essential role in degrading D-serine, an endogenous coagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors. DAO shows genetic association with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and schizophrenia, in whose pathophysiology aberrant…
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Artikel Jurnal
Synaptic plasticity, neural circuits and the emerging role of altered short-term information processing in schizophrenia
Synaptic plasticity alters the strength of information flow between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons and thus modifies the likelihood that action potentials in a presynaptic neuron will lead to an action potential in a postsynaptic neuron. As such, synaptic plasticity and pathological changes…
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Artikel Jurnal
Serine racemase: a key player in apoptosis and necrosis
A fine balance between cell survival and cell death is required to sculpt the nervous system during development. However, an excess of cell death can occur following trauma, exposure to neurotoxins or alcohol, and some developmental and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD)…
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Homeostatic structural plasticity increasesthe efficiency of small-world networks
In networks with small-world topology, which are characterised by a high clustering coefficient and a short characteristic path length, information can be transmitted efficiently and at relatively low costs. The brain is composed of small-world networks, and evolution may have optimized brain…
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Artikel Jurnal
LTD expression is independent of glutamate receptor subtype
Long-term depression (LTD) is a form of synaptic plasticity that plays a major role in the activity-dependent reshaping of synaptic transmission. LTD is expressed as a decrease in synaptic AMPA receptor number, though the exact mechanism remains controversial. Several lines of evidence have…
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Artikel Jurnal
Cell-surface translational dynamics of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Synapse efficacy heavily relies on the number of neurotransmitter receptors available at a given time. In addition to the equilibrium between the biosynthetic production, exocytic delivery and recycling of receptors on the one hand, and the endocytic internalization on the other, lateral diffusion…
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Artikel Jurnal
Synaptic membrane rafts: traffic lights for local neurotrophin signalling?
Lipid rafts, cholesterol and lipid rich microdomains, are believed to play important roles as platforms for the partitioning of transmembrane and synaptic proteins involved in synaptic signalling, plasticity and maintenance. There is increasing evidence of a physical interaction between…
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Artikel Jurnal
The temporoammonic input to the hippocampal CA1 region displays distinctly different synaptic plasticity compared to the Schaffer collateral input in vivo: significance for synaptic information processing
In terms of its sub-regional differentiation, the hippocampal CA1 region receives cortical information directly via the perforant (temporoammonic) path (pp-CA1 synapse) and indirectly via the tri-synaptic pathway where the last relay station is the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse (Sc-CA1 synapse)…
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Artikel Jurnal
Target Cell-Specific Short-Term Plasticity in Local Circuits
Short-term plasticity (STP) denotes changes in synaptic strength that last up to tens of seconds. It is generally thought that STP impacts information transfer across synaptic connections and may thereby provide neurons with, for example, the ability to detect input coherence, to maintain stability…
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Artikel Jurnal
Leptin regulation of neuronal morphology and hippocampal synaptic function
The central actions of the hormone leptin in regulating energy homeostasis via the hypothalamus are well documented. However, evidence is growing that this hormone can also modify the structure and function of synapses throughout the CNS. The hippocampus is a region of the forebrain that plays a…
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Artikel Jurnal
Learning-facilitated synaptic plasticity occurs in the intermediate hippocampus in association with spatial learning
The dorsoventral axis of the hippocampus is differentiated into dorsal, intermediate and ventral parts. Whereas the dorsal part is believed to specialize in processing spatial information, the ventral may be equipped to process non-spatial information. The precise role of the intermediate…
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Maturation and integration of adult born hippocampal neurons: signal convergence onto small Rho GTPases
Adult neurogenesis, restricted to specific regions in the mammalian brain, represents one of the most interesting forms of plasticity in the mature nervous system. Adult-born hippocampal neurons play important roles in certain forms of learning and memory, and altered hippocampal neurogenesis has…
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in VMH as the causal factor for and therapeutic tool to treat visceral adiposity and hyperleptinemia in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats
We previously reported that the type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats at young adult ages (6-12 weeks) exhibited increased visceral fat mass and hyperleptinemia, due to hyperphagia caused primarily by neuropeptide Y (NPY) overexpression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Later, we found that GK…
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Artikel Jurnal
Growth Factors in Synaptic Function
Synapses are increasingly recognized as key structures that malfunction in disorders like schizophrenia, mental retardation, and neurodegenerative diseases. The importance and complexity of the synapse has fuelled research into the molecular mechanisms underlying synaptogenesis, synaptic…
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Artikel Jurnal
Presynaptic long-term plasticity
Long-term synaptic plasticity is a major cellular substrate for learning, memory, and behavioral adaptation. Although early examples of long-term synaptic plasticity described a mechanism by which postsynaptic signal transduction was potentiated, it is now apparent that there is a vast array of…
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Artikel Jurnal
Cholinergic modulation of hippocampal network function
Cholinergic septohippocampal projections from the medial septal area to the hippocampus are proposed to have important roles in cognition by modulating properties of the hippocampal network. However, the precise spatial and temporal profile of acetylcholine release in the hippocampus remains…
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Artikel Jurnal
Intrinsic variability in Pv, RRP size, Ca2+ channel repertoire and presynaptic potentiation in individual synaptic boutons
The strength of individual synaptic contacts is considered a key modulator of information flow across circuits. Presynaptically the strength can be parsed into two key parameters: the size of the readily-releasable pool (RRP) and the probability that a vesicle in that pool will undergo exocytosis…
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Postsynaptic protein synthesis is required for presynaptic enhancement in persistent forms of long-term potentiation.
Long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus is a fundamental process underlying learning and memory in the brain. At CA3-CA1 synapses, three discrete forms of LTP (LTP1, 2 and 3) have been differentiated on the basis of their persistence, maintenance mechanisms, Ca2+ signaling pathways…
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Artikel Jurnal
Short-term ionic plasticity at GABAergic synapses
Fast synaptic inhibition in the brain is mediated by the pre-synaptic release of the neurotransmitter γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the post-synaptic activation of GABA-sensitive ionotropic receptors. As with excitatory synapses, it is being increasinly appreciated that a variety of plastic…