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Artikel Jurnal
Modification of the synaptic cleft under excitatory conditions
The synaptic cleft is the extracellular part of the synapse, bridging the pre- and postsynaptic membranes. The geometry and molecular organization of the cleft is gaining increased attention as an important determinant of synaptic efficacy. The present study by electron microscopy focuses on…
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Artikel Jurnal
Shared and divergent principles of synaptic transmission between cortical excitatory neurons in rodent and human brain
Information transfer between principal neurons in neocortex occurs through (glutamatergic) synaptic transmission. In this focussed review, we provide a detailed overview on the strength of synaptic neurotransmission between pairs of excitatory neurons in human and laboratory animals with a specific…
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Artikel Jurnal
Inhibitory hippocampus-medial septum projection controls locomotion and exploratory behavior
Although the hippocampus is generally considered a cognitive center for spatial representation, learning, and memory, increasing evidence supports its roles in regulating locomotion. However, the neuronal mechanisms of the hippocampal regulation of locomotion and exploratory behavior remain…
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Artikel Jurnal
Cryo-EM tomography and automatic segmentation delineate modular structures in the postsynaptic density
Postsynaptic densities (PSDs) are large protein complexes associated with the postsynaptic membrane of excitatory synapses important for synaptic function including plasticity. Conventional electron microscopy (EM) typically depicts PSDs as compact disk-like structures of hundreds of nanometers in…
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Artikel Jurnal
Multiple modulatory roles of serotonin in chronic pain and injury-related anxiety
Chronic pain is long-lasting pain that often persists during chronic diseases or after recovery from disease or injury. It often causes serious side effects, such as insomnia, anxiety, or depression which negatively impacts the patient’s overall quality of life. Serotonin (5-HT) in the central…
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Artikel Jurnal
Distinctive biophysical features of human cell-types: insights from studies of neurosurgically resected brain tissue
Electrophysiological characterization of live human tissue from epilepsy patients has been performed for many decades. Although initially these studies sought to understand the biophysical and synaptic changes associated with human epilepsy, recently, it has become the mainstay for exploring the…
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Artikel Jurnal
Metformin inhibits spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in spinal dorsal cord neurons from paclitaxel-treated rats
IntroductionCancer patients treated with paclitaxel often develop chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, which has not been effectively treated with drugs. The anti-diabetic drug metformin is effective in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The aim of this study was to elucidate effect of…
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Artikel Jurnal
Triose-phosphate isomerase deficiency is associated with a dysregulation of synaptic vesicle recycling in Drosophila melanogaster
IntroductionNumerous neurodegenerative diseases are associated with neuronal dysfunction caused by increased redox stress, often linked to aberrant production of redox-active molecules such as nitric oxide (NO) or oxygen free radicals. One such protein affected by redox-mediated changes is the…
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Artikel Jurnal
Memory retrieval, reconsolidation, and extinction: Exploring the boundary conditions of post-conditioning cue exposure
Following fear conditioning, behavior can be reduced by giving many CS-alone presentations in a process known as extinction or by presenting a few CS-alone presentations and interfering with subsequent memory reconsolidation. While the two share procedural similarities, both the behavioral outcomes…
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Artikel Jurnal
Analytical approaches to examine gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate vesicular co-packaging
Multi-transmitter neurons, i.e., those that release more than one type of neurotransmitter, have been found in many organisms and brain areas. Given the peculiar biology of these cells, as well as the potential for diverse effects of each of the transmitters released, new tools, and approaches are…
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Artikel Jurnal
Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) transcription factor in astrocytic synaptic communication
Astrocytes are known to actively participate in synaptic communication by forming structures called tripartite synapses. These synapses consist of presynaptic axon terminals, postsynaptic dendritic spines, and astrocytic processes where astrocytes release and receive transmitters. Although the…
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Artikel Jurnal
The calcineurin regulator Sarah enables distinct forms of homeostatic plasticity at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction
Introduction: The ability of synapses to maintain physiological levels of evoked neurotransmission is essential for neuronal stability. A variety of perturbations can disrupt neurotransmission, but synapses often compensate for disruptions and work to stabilize activity levels, using forms of…
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Artikel Jurnal
Calcium signaling in astrocytes and gliotransmitter release
Glia are as numerous in the brain as neurons and widely known to serve supportive roles such as structural scaffolding, extracellular ionic and neurotransmitter homeostasis, and metabolic support. However, over the past two decades, several lines of evidence indicate that astrocytes, which are a…