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Artikel Jurnal
Killer or helper? The mechanism underlying the role of adenylate activated kinase in sound conditioning
ObjectiveTo investigate whether sound conditioning influences auditory system protection by activating adenylate activated kinase (AMPK), and if such adaption protects ribbon synapses from high-intensity noise exposure.Materials and methodsCBA mice (12 weeks old) were randomly divided into four…
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rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice exhibit increased VGlut1 in hippocampal presynaptic glutamatergic vesicles and increased extracellular glutamate release
The molecular pathways that contribute to the onset of symptoms in tauopathy models, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), are difficult to distinguish because multiple changes can happen simultaneously at different stages of disease progression. Understanding early synaptic alterations and their…
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Astrocyte: A Foe or a Friend in Intellectual Disability-Related Diseases
Intellectual disabilities are a type of neurodevelopmental disease caused by neurological dysfunction. Their incidence is largely associated with neural development. Astrocytes are the most widely distributed cells in the mammalian brain. Previous studies have reported that astrocytes only…
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Microphysiological Modeling of the Structure and Function of Neuromuscular Transmitter Release Sites
The general mechanism of calcium-triggered chemical transmitter release from neuronal synapses has been intensely studied, is well-known, and highly conserved between species and synapses across the nervous system. However, the structural and functional details within each transmitter release site…
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Diverse organization of voltage-gated calcium channels at presynaptic active zones
Synapses are highly organized but are also highly diverse in their organization and properties to allow for optimizing the computing power of brain circuits. Along these lines, voltage-gated calcium (CaV) channels at the presynaptic active zone are heterogeneously organized, which creates a variety…
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Targeting prefrontal cortex GABAergic microcircuits for the treatment of alcohol use disorder
Developing novel treatments for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) is of paramount importance for improving patient outcomes and alleviating the suffering related to the disease. A better understanding of the molecular and neurocircuit mechanisms through which alcohol alters brain function will be…
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Protein phosphatase-1 inhibitor-2 promotes PP1γ positive regulation of synaptic transmission
Inhibitor-2 (I-2) is a prototypic inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1 (PP1), a major serine-threonine phosphatase that regulates synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. Although I-2 is a potent inhibitor of PP1 in vitro, our previous work has elucidated that, in vivo, I-2 may act as a positive…
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Molecular mechanisms of synaptogenesis
Synapses are the basic units for information processing and storage in the nervous system. It is only when the synaptic connection is established, that it becomes meaningful to discuss the structure and function of a circuit. In humans, our unparalleled cognitive abilities are correlated with an…
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Relevance of Cortical and Hippocampal Interneuron Functional Diversity to General Anesthetic Mechanisms: A Narrative Review
General anesthetics disrupt brain processes involved in consciousness by altering synaptic patterns of excitation and inhibition. In the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, GABAergic inhibition is largely mediated by inhibitory interneurons, a heterogeneous group of specialized neuronal subtypes that…
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The plasticity of cardiac sympathetic nerves and its clinical implication in cardiovascular disease
The heart is electrically and mechanically controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which consists of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. It has been considered that the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves regulate the cardiomyocytes’ performance independently; however, recent…
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Presynaptic Mitochondria Communicate With Release Sites for Spatio-Temporal Regulation of Exocytosis at the Motor Nerve Terminal
Presynaptic Ca2+ regulation is critical for accurate neurotransmitter release, vesicle reloading of release sites, and plastic changes in response to electrical activity. One of the main players in the regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ in nerve terminals is mitochondria, which control the size and…
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Synaptic determinants of cholinergic interneurons hyperactivity during parkinsonism
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative ailment generated by the loss of dopamine in the basal ganglia, mainly in the striatum. The disease courses with increased striatal levels of acetylcholine, disrupting the balance among these modulatory transmitters. These modifications disturb the…
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Effects of the clathrin inhibitor Pitstop-2 on synaptic vesicle recycling at a central synapse in vivo
Four modes of endocytosis and subsequent synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling have been described at the presynapse to ensure the availability of SVs for synaptic release. However, it is unclear to what extend these modes operate under physiological activity patterns in vivo. The coat protein clathrin…
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The Shaping of AMPA Receptor Surface Distribution by Neuronal Activity
Neurotransmission is critically dependent on the number, position, and composition of receptor proteins on the postsynaptic neuron. Of these, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs) are responsible for the majority of postsynaptic depolarization at excitatory…
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Differential modulation of collybistin conformational dynamics by the closely related GTPases Cdc42 and TC10
Interneuronal synaptic transmission relies on the proper spatial organization of presynaptic neurotransmitter release and its reception on the postsynaptic side by cognate neurotransmitter receptors. Neurotransmitter receptors are incorporated into and arranged within the plasma membrane with the…
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Complementary Use of Super-Resolution Imaging Modalities to Study the Nanoscale Architecture of Inhibitory Synapses
The nanoscale architecture of synapses has been investigated using multiple super-resolution methods, revealing a common modular structure for scaffolds, neurotransmitter receptors, and presynaptic proteins. This fundamental organization of proteins into subsynaptic domains (SSDs) is thought to be…