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Durbin’s Ripple: How Fee Caps Reshaped Banking and Boosted Fintechs: Exploring the Unintended Consumer Impacts and Regulatory Gaps in the Wake of the Durbin Amendment
This Article explores the implications of the Durbin Amendment on consumer protection, financial innovation, and market competition. Initially intended to cap interchange fees and foster cost savings for merchants and consumers, the Amendment’s effects have diverged from its legislative intent…
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One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: How the New York Appellate Division Slowed the Progress of Judge Cardozo’s Effort in Macpherson v. Buick Motor Co. To End Privity’s Stranglehold Over Negligence Claims in Product Injury Cases
This article aims to tell the story of how the various Departments of the New York State Appellate Division sometimes helped—and just as often hindered—the development of the product injury law in the wake of MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co. (1916). Hailed for loosening the privity requirement that…
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High Stakes and Random Rewards: A Critical Look at Loot Boxes and Illegal Gambling
Since their inception in the mid-2000s, loot boxes have been legal and virtually unregulated in the United States. Ever-growing mountains of evidence demonstrate the harms of loot boxes, but their structure has not yet been found to be in violation of any current U.S. gambling law, leading to a…
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Mandatory Minimum Sentences After R v Hill: A Different Way of “Treating” Reasonably Foreseeable Offenders
The Supreme Court of Canada was initially reluctant to strike down minimum sentences for inconsistency with the prohibition against “cruel and unusual treatment or punishment” found in section 12 of the Charter. The Court’s more recent jurisprudence incorporating the experiences of equality-seeking…
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Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty and U.S.-Polish Relations
Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty (NAT) is the cornerstone of the world's largest military alliance. Its wording reflects a carefully balanced compromise: while it affirms that an armed attack against one ally shall be considered an attack against all, each member state has significant…
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Non-Judicial Measures of Legal Reaction in the Military Domain as a Contribution to the Discussion on the Values of Military Law
The activity of the Armed Forces is a widespread phenomenon characteristic of the majority of United Nations (UN) member states. The specificity of their functions and associated tasks makes the Armed Forces a state institution possessing autonomous characteristics. This functional autonomy of the…
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General Overview of the Administration of Justice in the Republic of Poland
This article outlines the complex history of Polish law concerning constitutional guarantees of individual rights, restrictions on those rights during states of emergency and wartime, and the development of the Polish judicial system. Poland regained its independence in 1918 after 123 years of…
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A Gateway Right Under Strain: Inclusive Education for Ukrainian Refugee Children With Disabilities in Poland
Between 2022 and 2025, Poland has granted temporary protection to almost 1,000,000 refugees from Ukraine fleeing conflict. Of those refugees, 32% are school-age minors. Poland has the responsibility of integrating these refugee children into the public-school systems, including the children with…
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Explaining Compassionate Release: A Machine Learning Study of Sentencing Modifications & Judicial Decision Making
In 2018, Congress passed the First Step Act, amending 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A) to permit federally incarcerated individuals to directly petition district courts for early release. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, thousands of individuals did so, citing staggering prison death rates and…
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Agency Problems in Contract Design
In the stylized world of contract theory, contracting parties write optimal agreements that maximize their collective utility by balancing front-end and back-end costs and benefits. In the real world of business deals, however, drafters rarely even approximate this ideal of economic efficiency, let…
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Show Your Rules: AB 587 and The Future of Content Moderation Disclosure Laws
Social media platforms play an integral role in social and political life. They control a large proportion of public speech through their own rules, curation, and freedom to amplify or suppress content as they see fit. California’s AB 587 requires social media platforms to disclose these content…
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A Model For Food Safety Regulation and Effective Enforcement: A California Case Study
This Note examines California’s emerging leadership in food additive regulation amid perceived federal shortcomings, particularly within the FDA’s “generally recognized as safe” (“GRAS”) framework. Using recent legislation, the California Food Safety Act (“CFSA”) and the California School Food…
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The Fourth Amendment in Parallax: Why California's New Speed Cameras Should Prompt Increased Scrutiny for Surveillance Networks
With the passage of Assembly Bill 645 in 2023, California has authorized speed camera pilot programs in six cities throughout the state. The goal for this legislation is to reduce speeding and speed- related casualties through a network of automated traffic surveillance. By issuing civil fines for…
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Guaranteeing a Jury of One's Peers Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
The right to a trial by jury is a foundational cornerstone of American democracy. This right has long been obfuscated by institutional inequality, preventing defendants from receiving a genuinely representative jury of their peers. California legislators proposed Assembly Bills 1452, 1981, and 881…
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"People" Not "Persons": Noncitizens and the Fourth Amendment
American history is littered with threats and attempts at mass deportation. The Trump administration’s announced policy of mass deportations is the most recent manifestation of such a policy and one that perhaps poses an unprecedented threat to the rights and liberties of noncitizen communities…
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