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Reviews of Geophysics
ISSN 0096-1043 · Wiley · 19 artikel di indeks
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Artikel Jurnal
Multi‐Scale Soil Salinization Dynamics From Global to Pore Scale: A Review
Abstract Soil salinization refers to the accumulation of water‐soluble salts in the upper part of the soil profile. Excessive levels of soil salinity affects crop production, soil health, and ecosystem functioning. This phenomenon threatens agriculture, food security, soil stability, and fertility…
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Heat Waves: Physical Understanding and Scientific Challenges
Abstract Heat waves (HWs) can cause large socioeconomic and environmental impacts. The observed increases in their frequency, intensity and duration are projected to continue with global warming. This review synthesizes the state of knowledge and scientific challenges. It discusses different…
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The International Reference Ionosphere Model: A Review and Description of an Ionospheric Benchmark
Abstract This paper is a review of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) project and model. IRI is recognized as the official standard for the Earth's ionosphere by the International Standardization Organization, the International Union of Radio Science, the Committee on Space Research, and…
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From Fluid Flow to Coupled Processes in Fractured Rock: Recent Advances and New Frontiers
Abstract Quantitative predictions of natural and induced phenomena in fractured rock is one of the great challenges in the Earth and Energy Sciences with far‐reaching economic and environmental impacts. Fractures occupy a very small volume of a subsurface formation but often dominate fluid flow…
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Global and Regional Trends and Drivers of Fire Under Climate Change
Abstract Recent wildfire outbreaks around the world have prompted concern that climate change is increasing fire incidence, threatening human livelihood and biodiversity, and perpetuating climate change. Here, we review current understanding of the impacts of climate change on fire weather (weather…
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Satellite Remote Sensing of Global Land Surface Temperature: Definition, Methods, Products, and Applications
Abstract Land surface temperature (LST) is a crucial parameter that reflects land–atmosphere interaction and has thus attracted wide interest from geoscientists. Owing to the rapid development of Earth observation technologies, remotely sensed LST is playing an increasingly essential role in…
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Climate Changes and Their Elevational Patterns in the Mountains of the World
Abstract Quantifying rates of climate change in mountain regions is of considerable interest, not least because mountains are viewed as climate “hotspots” where change can anticipate or amplify what is occurring elsewhere. Accelerating mountain climate change has extensive environmental impacts…
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Climate Change and Weather Extremes in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East
Abstract Observation‐based and modeling studies have identified the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME) region as a prominent climate change hotspot. While several initiatives have addressed the impacts of climate change in parts of the EMME, here we present an updated assessment, covering…
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Secular Evolution of Continents and the Earth System
Abstract Understanding of secular evolution of the Earth system is based largely on the rock and mineral archive preserved in the continental lithosphere. Based on the frequency and range of accessible data preserved in this record, we divide the secular evolution into seven phases: (a) “…
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Surface Water and Groundwater Interactions in Salt Marshes and Their Impact on Plant Ecology and Coastal Biogeochemistry
Abstract Salt marshes are highly productive intertidal wetlands providing important ecological services for maintaining coastal biodiversity, buffering against oceanic storms, and acting as efficient carbon sinks. However, about half of these wetlands have been lost globally due to human activities…
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Anthropogenic Drought: Definition, Challenges, and Opportunities
Abstract Traditional, mainstream definitions of drought describe it as deficit in water‐related variables or water‐dependent activities (e.g., precipitation, soil moisture, surface and groundwater storage, and irrigation) due to natural variabilities that are out of the control of local…
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Deep Learning for Geophysics: Current and Future Trends
Abstract Recently deep learning (DL), as a new data‐driven technique compared to conventional approaches, has attracted increasing attention in geophysical community, resulting in many opportunities and challenges. DL was proven to have the potential to predict complex system states accurately and…
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Methane Mitigation: Methods to Reduce Emissions, on the Path to the Paris Agreement
Abstract The atmospheric methane burden is increasing rapidly, contrary to pathways compatible with the goals of the 2015 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Paris Agreement. Urgent action is required to bring methane back to a pathway more in line with the Paris goals. Emission…
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Impact Forecasting to Support Emergency Management of Natural Hazards
Abstract Forecasting and early warning systems are important investments to protect lives, properties, and livelihood. While early warning systems are frequently used to predict the magnitude, location, and timing of potentially damaging events, these systems rarely provide impact estimates, such…
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Ocean Alkalinity, Buffering and Biogeochemical Processes
Alkalinity, the excess of proton acceptors over donors, plays a major role in ocean chemistry, in buffering and in calcium carbonate precipitation and dissolution. Understanding alkalinity dynamics is pivotal to quantify ocean carbon dioxide uptake during times of global change. Here we review…
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Hydraulic Fracturing‐Induced Seismicity
Abstract Hydraulic fracturing (HF) is a technique that is used for extracting petroleum resources from impermeable host rocks. In this process, fluid injected under high pressure causes fractures to propagate. This technique has been transformative for the hydrocarbon industry, unlocking otherwise…
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An Assessment of Earth's Climate Sensitivity Using Multiple Lines of Evidence
Abstract We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of atmospheric CO 2 , characterized by an effective sensitivity S . This evidence includes feedback process understanding, the historical climate record, and the paleoclimate record. An S value lower than 2…
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Sudden Stratospheric Warmings
Abstract Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are impressive fluid dynamical events in which large and rapid temperature increases in the winter polar stratosphere ( ∼ 10–50 km) are associated with a complete reversal of the climatological wintertime westerly winds. SSWs are caused by the breaking…
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Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis at Regional and National Scales: State of the Art and Future Challenges
Abstract Seismic hazard modeling is a multidisciplinary science that aims to forecast earthquake occurrence and its resultant ground shaking. Such models consist of a probabilistic framework that quantifies uncertainty across a complex system; typically, this includes at least two model components…