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Toxins
Scopus
ISSN 2072-6651 · MDPI AG · 7.774 artikel di indeks
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
New Insights into the Bioenergetic and Immunomodulatory Properties of Phospholipases A2 from Bothrops diporus Venom
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are key mediators of the cytotoxic and inflammatory activities of snake venoms. While PLA2 isoforms from Bothrops diporus venom have been characterized and shown to possess antimetastatic and antiangiogenic properties, their impact on mitochondrial bioenergetics and immune…
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From Muscular Hypertonus to Equilibrium: A Conceptual Framework for Aesthetic Neuromodulation Based on the Index of Muscular Equilibrium (IME)
Facial neuromodulation with botulinum toxin has traditionally been approached from the perspective of wrinkle correction. However, facial expressions primarily arise from coordinated muscular interactions that convey both positive and negative emotional valence. A conceptual framework focused on…
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Uremic Toxin-Driven Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease: Molecular Pathways and Integrated Phenotypes
Background: Vascular calcification (VC) affects up to 90% of patients with end-stage renal disease and increases cardiovascular mortality 3- to 5-fold. Once considered passive mineral deposition, VC is now recognized as an active, toxin-driven process orchestrating vascular smooth muscle cell…
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Role of Serum IL-33 in Bothrops Snakebite Victims: Linking Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction
Bothrops snakebites pose a significant public health challenge in low- and middle-income regions, often resulting in inflammation, coagulopathy, and renal complications even after antivenom therapy. This study investigated the role of interleukin-33 (IL-33) and endothelial biomarkers in patients…
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Clostridioides difficile Immunity During Pregnancy and Passive Antibody Transfer to Neonates from Cord Blood and Breast Milk
Passive transplacental immunity is crucial for neonatal protection from infections. Following Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection, infants do not develop disease, although C. difficile colonization is highly prevalent in infants. This work aimed to characterize humoral immunity…
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ENN A1 and B1 In Vitro Toxicological Effects on 2D and 3D Organ-on-Chip HepaRG Liver Cells
Enniatins (ENNs) are emerging Fusarium mycotoxins detected in food and feed. Despite their widespread occurrence, their toxicity remains poorly understood; thus, advanced in vitro systems that can mimic human physiology are of interest. We evaluated the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of ENN A1 and…
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Discovery of Two Novel Scorpion Venom Peptides Activating TRPML2 to Impair ZIKV Internalization
The endo-lysosomal channel TRPML2 regulates key processes like membrane trafficking and autophagy, which are hijacked by many RNA viruses during endocytic entry. However, the development of TRPML2-targeted therapeutics has been hindered by a notable lack of high-affinity and selective peptide-based…
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Climate-Driven Aflatoxin M1 Risks in Serbia: Implications for Integrated Food Safety Management Along the Dairy Chain
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a carcinogenic milk contaminant and a persistent food safety concern in Serbia, especially under changing climate conditions that exacerbate contamination risks. This review synthesizes national research conducted between 2012 and 2024, covering more than thirty thousand…
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Establishing the Kenya National Antivenom Quality Control Laboratory: Preclinical Efficacy Results of Four Antivenoms Against Venoms from the “Big Five” Snake Species in Kenya
Antivenom administration is currently the only therapy for snakebite envenoming. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, inadequate quality control systems have led to deficits in the availability, accessibility, efficacy and safety of regionally available antivenoms, which, in turn, hinder snakebite…
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Efficacy and Safety of IncobotulinumtoxinA for the Treatment of Blepharospasm: A Multicenter, Phase 3 Study in Japan
This open-label, uncontrolled, single-arm, multicenter, phase 3 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of incobotulinumtoxinA in Japanese patients with blepharospasm. Eligible patients received incobotulinumtoxinA injections at fixed doses (50, 75, or 100 units [U] for those who had previously…
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Inter- and Intraspecific Venom Variation in the Reclusive Rear-Fanged Black-Striped Snakes (Coniophanes)
Our current understanding of snake venom is highly biased towards species known to be medically significant in human envenomations. This vastly under-represents the true evolutionary and ecological breadth of snake venom, with gaps spanning entire clades and unique lifestyles. As a result, many…
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Genome-Guided Identification of an OTA-Degrading Amidohydrolase AMH2102 from Acinetobacter kookii AK4 with Enhanced Soluble Expression in Escherichia coli
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a globally distributed mycotoxin that poses serious threats to food safety and human health due to its nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and carcinogenic properties. Previous enzymatic detoxification strategies for OTA have been constrained by low degradation efficiency or poor…
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The Relationship Between the Gross Motor Function Classification System, Functional Mobility Scale, Observational Gait Scale, and the Amsterdam Gait Classification in Children with Cerebral Palsy During Long-Term Treatment with Botulinum Toxin Injections and Combined Integrated, Intensive Rehabilitation
Patients with cerebral palsy (CP) experience complex gait disorders that change with age, leading to reduced activity and social participation. This study aimed to analyse how gait patterns developed over five years and to examine the relationships between the Observational Gait Scale (OGS)…
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Cell-Penetrating Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Proteins Alleviate Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy with Associated Alterations of Mitochondrial Homeostasis
Skeletal muscle is the largest metabolic demanding organ in human body. Alterations of skeletal muscle in shape and size significantly affect its biological functions. Botulinum neurotoxin type A1 (BoNT/A1) has been successfully used in clinics to treat masseter, trapezius and gastrocnemius…
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Cross-Induction of Anti-Complexing Antibodies in Patients Treated with Botulinum Toxin Formulations Containing Complexing Proteins
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) formulations differ in their content of non-toxic accessory proteins, also known as complexing proteins (CPs), which may influence immunogenicity. Some BoNT/A products share structurally similar CPs, potentially leading to antibody cross-reactivity among…
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Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Defect in Humoral Immune Response Is Driven by Inflammation
Advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with impaired humoral immunity, contributing to increased infection-related mortality and suboptimal vaccine responses, as notably observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. CKD is also marked by the accumulation of uremic toxins, but whether they…
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Purified Zearalenone at the Regulatory Limit Exhibits No Overt Toxicity in Broilers
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a prevalent non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin in feed and feedstuffs. This study investigated the effects of graded dietary purified ZEA standard (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg) on growth performance, blood biochemistry, oxidative stress, immune response, intestinal…
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Editorial: Introduction to the Toxins Special Edition Honoring Dr. John D. Groopman for His Contributions to the Field of Aflatoxin Carcinogenesis Research
It is with both excitement and sorrow that I now write this brief introduction and overview to this Special Edition of Toxins [...]
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Skin Irritation-Associated Dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum Isolated from Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba: Toxin Profile and Cell Growth Characterization Under Laboratory Conditions
Blooms of the marine dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum have been associated with skin lesion outbreaks in Cuba and elsewhere. In this study, cell growth and toxin production were investigated under laboratory-controlled conditions in two strains isolated from Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba. Strains were…
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Good Clinical Practices for the Management of Post-Stroke Spasticity with BoNT-A: A Delphi-Based Approach from the Italian Expert Group
Background: Post-stroke spasticity (PSS) is a common complication in stroke survivors, significantly impairing functional recovery and quality of life. Despite its prevalence, Italy lacks national guidelines or structured good clinical practice documents, resulting in heterogeneous clinical…
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