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Batteries
Scopus
ISSN 2313-0105 · MDPI AG · 2,535 articles in the index
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A Comprehensive Review of Equivalent Circuit Models and Neural Network Models for Battery Management Systems
Lithium-ion batteries are the most widely used electrochemical energy storage technology due to their excellent performance. They play a crucial role in enabling the widespread adoption of sustainable transportation and renewable energy storage. Comprehensive battery monitoring, encompassing both…
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Advanced Battery Modeling Framework for Enhanced Power and Energy State Estimation with Experimental Validation
Accurate modeling of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) is essential for optimizing system performance, ensuring operational safety, and extending service life in applications ranging from electric vehicles (EV) to large-scale grid storage. However, the simplifications inherent in conventional…
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Recovery of High-Purity Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate from Lithium-Rich Leachate by Anti-Solvent Crystallization: Process Optimization and Impurity Incorporation Mechanisms
The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has intensified the need for efficient lithium (Li) recovery from secondary sources. This study focuses on anti-solvent crystallization for the recovery of high-purity lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH·H2O) from a Li-rich leachate, derived…
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State of Health Estimation for Energy Storage Batteries Based on Multi-Condition Feature Extraction
In the field of energy transformation, the application of batteries is widening. To address the challenge of health state estimation of energy storage batteries with multiple operating conditions, this study analyzes the aging cycle operation data of lithium-ion batteries and develops a scheme to…
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Energy-Dynamics Sensing for Health-Responsive Virtual Synchronous Generator in Battery Energy Storage Systems
Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are increasingly required to provide grid-support services under weak-grid conditions, where the stability of virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control largely depends on the health status and dynamic characteristics of the battery unit. However, existing…
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A Multiphysics Aging Model for SiOx–Graphite Lithium-Ion Batteries Considering Electrochemical–Thermal–Mechanical–Gaseous Interactions
Silicon oxide/graphite (SiOx/Gr) anodes are promising candidates for high energy-density lithium-ion batteries. However, their complex multiphysics degradation mechanisms pose challenges for accurately interpreting and predicting capacity fade behavior. In particular, existing multiphysics models…
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Experimental Comparison of Different Techniques for Estimating Li-Ion Open-Circuit Voltage
Electrochemical energy storage systems are increasingly utilized across a wide range of applications, from small-scale consumer electronics to large-scale utility systems providing grid services. Among these, lithium-ion batteries have emerged as a preferred solution because of their high…
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State-of-Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on GMMCC-AEKF in Non-Gaussian Noise Environment
To improve the accuracy and robustness of lithium-ion battery state of charge (SOC) estimation, this paper proposes a generalized mixture maximum correlation-entropy criterion-based adaptive extended Kalman filter (GMMCC-AEKF) algorithm, addressing the performance degradation of the traditional…
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Grid-Scale Battery Energy Storage and AI-Driven Intelligent Optimization for Techno-Economic and Environmental Benefits: A Systematic Review
Grid-Scale Battery Energy Storage Systems (GS-BESS) play a crucial role in modern power grids, addressing challenges related to integrating renewable energy sources (RESs), load balancing, peak shaving, voltage support, load shifting, frequency regulation, emergency response, and enhancing system…
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Numerical Investigation of Heat Dissipation Components and Thermal Management System in PEM Fuel Cell Engines
A one-dimensional analytical model for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) engine is presented. The model is structured into three main subsystems: the fuel cell stack, the intake and exhaust system, and the thermal management system. The modeling of the thermal management system…
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Comparative Numerical Study on Flow Characteristics of 4 × 1 kW SOFC Stacks with U-Type and Z-Type Connection Configurations
In this study, a high-fidelity, full-scale three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was developed to analyze the effects of U-type and Z-type interconnection configurations on flow and distribution uniformity within a 4 × 1 kW planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack composed of…
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Numerical Simulation and Optimization of a Novel Battery Box Wall and Contour-Finned Structure in Air-Cooled Battery Thermal Management Systems
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently widely used in the electric vehicle sector and have become one of the core components of new energy vehicles. To ensure that the maximum temperature (Tmax) and maximum temperature difference (∆Tmax) remain within acceptable limits after high-rate…
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Experimental Investigation of Liquid Nitrogen Fire Suppression in Lithium-Ion Battery Fires: Effects of Nozzle Diameter and Injection Strategy
A growing number of fires and explosions in energy storage plants have been triggered by the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries. Owing to the complex physicochemical properties of these batteries, their fire safety issues remain unresolved and constitute a major obstacle to the large-scale…
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Online Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge Using Multilayer Perceptron Applied to an Instrumented Robot
Electric vehicles (EVs) rely on a battery pack as their primary energy source, making it a critical component for their operation. To guarantee safe and correct functioning, a Battery Management System (BMS) is employed, which uses variables such as State of Charge (SOC) to set charge/discharge…
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Application of Li3InCl6-PEO Composite Electrolyte in All-Solid-State Battery
Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based solid polymer electrolytes typically suffer from limited ionic conductivity at near-room temperature and often require inorganic reinforcement. Halide solid-state electrolytes such as Li3InCl6 (LIC) offer fast Li+ transport but are moisture-sensitive and typically…
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Experimental Investigation of the Impact of V2G Cycling on the Lifetime of Lithium-Ion Cells Based on Real-World Usage Data
This work investigated the impact of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) cycling on the service life of lithium-ion cells, using real-world V2G data from commercial electric vehicle (EV) battery chargers. Commercially available cylindrical lithium-ion cells were subjected to long-term storage and V2G cycling…
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Numerical and Experimental Study on Jet Flame Behavior and Smoke Pattern Characteristics of 50 Ah NCM Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway
This paper investigates the flame behavior and smoke pattern characteristics of lithium-ion battery (LIB) fires using an integrated experimental and numerical simulation approach. Based on fire dynamics theory, a jet flame model for LIB thermal runaway (TR) is developed to analyze the flame height…
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Ultrafast Microwave-Assisted Resin Curing Forming a Dense Cross-Linked Network on Bamboo: Toward High-Performance Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries
Resin curing coating is an effective approach to mitigate the intrinsic defects of lignocellulosic biomass-derived hard carbon, which facilitates its large-scale application in sodium-ion batteries due to their improved specific capacity, initial coulombic efficiency, and carbon yield. However…
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Designing a Sustainable Off-Grid EV Charging Station: Analysis Across Urban and Remote Canadian Regions
Electric vehicles are becoming more commonplace as we shift towards cleaner transportation. However, current charging infrastructure is immature, especially in remote and off-grid regions, making electric vehicle adoption challenging. This study presents an architecture for a standalone renewable…
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Recent Progress of Biomass-Derived Carbon for Supercapacitors: A Review
Carbon materials are very important for the commercial production of supercapacitors and they are crucial electrode materials. The porous carbon prepared with biomass materials as a precursor is of significance due to its sustainability, environmental friendliness, and low cost. Biomass-derived…
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