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Vehicles
Scopus
ISSN 2624-8921 · MDPI AG · 733 articles in the index
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Managing Design Variants in Formula Student Race Cars: A Digital Engineering Approach Across Multiple Teams
Increasing product complexity, shorter development cycles and cross-domain integration demands pose significant challenges for modern race car engineering teams. In Formula Student teams, heterogeneous toolchains, manual data exchange, late system integration, and high personnel turnover hinder…
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FPGA Implementation and Performance Evaluation of Classic PID, IMC and DTC for BLDC Motor Control
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are widely used in mobile robotics and off-road vehicles due to their high efficiency, reliability, and compactness. However, achieving robust, high-performance speed control in embedded environments remains challenging due to nonlinearities, dead-time effects, parameter…
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Autonomous Vehicles in the Traffic Ecosystem: A Comprehensive Review of Integration, Impacts, and Policy Implications
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are expected to significantly influence road safety, traffic efficiency, and urban mobility. However, their real-world impacts depend not only on vehicle-level automation but also on interactions within the broader traffic ecosystem, including human-driven vehicles…
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Collaborative Control of Rear-Wheel Independent Drive Electric Vehicles During Tire Blowouts Using Broad-Extreme Reinforcement Learning: Simulation and Scaled Prototype Verification
Tire blowouts represent one of the most hazardous fault scenarios for electric vehicles (EVs). While collaborative active steering control (ASC) and direct yaw moment control (DYC) can theoretically maintain stability during these events, the strong coupling effects between them make controller…
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The Electric Vehicle Transition in Emerging Economies
The global shift toward electric mobility represents a cornerstone of sustainable energy transitions; however, developing countries face distinct structural, economic, and infrastructural challenges that constrain their participation in this transformation. This paper examines the conditions…
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Modeling and Optimization Research on the Location Selection of Taxi Charging Stations in Severe Cold Areas
Decarbonizing the transport sector is crucial for achieving global carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Electric taxis (e-taxis), which play a vital role in urban public transportation, are central to this transition. However, their operational performance deteriorates significantly under…
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Towards AI-Assisted Motorcycle Safety: Multi-Modal Video Analysis for Hazard Detection and Contextual Risk Assessment
Motorcyclists face a disproportionately high risk of severe injury or death compared to other road users, highlighting the need for intelligent rider assistance technologies. This paper presents an initial, modular, and interpretable AI pipeline that generates context-aware safety advice from…
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Joint Optimization of Dynamic Pricing and Flexible Refund Fees for Railway Services
This study explores strategies for dynamic pricing and flexible refund fee setting in railway line services, aiming to optimize ticket sales revenue by integrating refund mechanisms into the revenue management framework. By introducing a consistent concept of opportunity cost applicable to both…
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An Adaptive Full-Order Sliding-Mode Observer Based-Sensorless Control for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Propulsion Motors Drives
In electric vehicle and marine propulsion applications, the stable operation of permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive systems relies on accurate rotor position information. Such information is typically obtained from position sensors, which are prone to high temperature, humidity…
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Driving Simulator-Based Driving Behavioural Research: A Bibliometric and Narrative Review Providing Key Insights for New and Emerging Researchers
The driving simulator’s ability to provide practical, safe, and controlled environments has made it a widely used tool for evaluating driving behaviours in the realm of road safety. To consolidate the fragmented research in this area, this study is divided into two parts: a bibliometric analysis…
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System Readiness Assessment for Emerging Multimodal Mobility Systems Using a Hybrid Qualitative–Quantitative Framework
This paper presents a hybrid qualitative–quantitative framework for assessing the technical feasibility and system readiness of emerging multimodal mobility concepts, with specific application to the Pods4Rail project. The methodology integrates expert-based Technology Readiness Level (TRL)…
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Smart Vision Traffic Surveillance: Vehicle Re-Identification and Tracking Using Vision Transformer
Intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) are crucial for modern traffic management and law enforcement. This paper addresses the challenge of monitoring and managing extensive vehicle traffic in large cities like Lahore, Pakistan. We propose a deep learning based ITS utilizing Vision Transformers…
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An Integrated User-Centered E-Scooter Design Framework for Enhancing User Satisfaction, Performance, and Terrain Adaptation in Budapest City
Electric scooters and other micromobility innovations are becoming standard fare in urban transportation networks. Yet there are several obstacles that must be overcome, including concerns about users’ satisfaction and safety. This study aimed primarily at developing a user-centered methodological…
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Handling Stability Control for Multi-Axle Distributed Drive Vehicles Based on Model Predictive Control
Multi-axle vehicles are commonly used for heavy-duty special operations, which easily leads to high driving torque demands when adopting distributed electric drive configurations. This study achieves the objective of reducing the driving torque of each in-wheel motor while controlling the stability…
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Fires in Urban Passenger Transport Vehicles Engine—Case Study
Passenger transport companies have often been affected by fires in their vehicles, causing considerable damage. As a result, it is important to study the causes and effects of these fires, as well as to define the maintenance policies and strategies to be implemented to minimize the probability of…
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Electric Vehicles to Support Grid Needs: Evidence from a Medium-Sized City
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services are gaining attention as a strategy to integrate electric vehicles (EVs) into sustainable energy systems. Although technological aspects have been widely studied, methodologies for identifying optimal V2G hubs and forecasting the energy available for grid transfer…
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Real-Time 3D Scene Understanding for Road Safety: Depth Estimation and Object Detection for Autonomous Vehicle Awareness
Accurate depth perception is vital for autonomous driving and roadside monitoring. Traditional stereo vision methods are cost-effective but often fail under challenging conditions such as low texture, reflections, or complex lighting. This work presents a perception pipeline built around…
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Interpretability Evaluation Method for Driving Stability on Curved Road Sections with Trajectory Uncertainty
This study was conducted in order to enrich the safety evaluation system of vehicles on complex road sections and provide quantitative support for speed control and driving decision-making. To address the driving stability issue caused by trajectory uncertainty on curved roads, we analyzed…
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Design and Optimization of a Non-Contact Current Sensor for EVs Based on a Hybrid Semi-Circular Array of Hall-Effect and TMR Elements
This paper presents a semi-circular, non-contact current sensor designed to simplify the layout of automotive wiring harnesses and enhance measurement convenience and reliability. The sensor integrates a hybrid sensing array consisting of Hall-effect and tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) elements. To…
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Research on Vehicle Obstacle Avoidance Control Based on Improved Artificial Potential Field Method and Fuzzy Model Predictive Control
To address the emergency obstacle-avoidance problem of intelligent vehicles on structured roads, this paper proposes an integrated planning and control method that combines an improved Artificial Potential Field (APF) with fuzzy Model Predictive Control (MPC). Different from a direct APF + MPC…