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The Syntax and Meaning of Wild Gibbon Songs
Spoken language is a result of the human capacity to assemble simple vocal units into more complex utterances, the basic carriers of semantic information. Not much is known about the evolutionary origins of this behaviour. The vocal abilities of non-human primates are relatively unimpressive in…
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Late Cretaceous Vicariance in Gondwanan Amphibians
Overseas dispersals are often invoked when Southern Hemisphere terrestrial and freshwater organism phylogenies do not fit the sequence or timing of Gondwana fragmentation. We used dispersal-vicariance analyses and molecular timetrees to show that two species-rich frog groups, Microhylidae and…
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Control of Canalization and Evolvability by Hsp90
Partial reduction of Hsp90 increases expression of morphological novelty in qualitative traits of Drosophila and Arabidopsis, but the extent to which the Hsp90 chaperone also controls smaller and more likely adaptive changes in natural quantitative traits has been unclear. To determine the effect…
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Low Levels of Genetic Divergence across Geographically and Linguistically Diverse Populations from India
Ongoing modernization in India has elevated the prevalence of many complex genetic diseases associated with a western lifestyle and diet to near-epidemic proportions. However, although India comprises more than one sixth of the world's human population, it has largely been omitted from genomic…
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Genetic Analysis of the Roles of BMP2, BMP4, and BMP7 in Limb Patterning and Skeletogenesis
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family members, including BMP2, BMP4, and BMP7, are expressed throughout limb development. BMPs have been implicated in early limb patterning as well as in the process of skeletogenesis. However, due to complications associated with early embryonic lethality…
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Tissue-Specific Differences in Human Transfer RNA Expression
Over 450 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes have been annotated in the human genome. Reliable quantitation of tRNA levels in human samples using microarray methods presents a technical challenge. We have developed a microarray method to quantify tRNAs based on a fluorescent dye-labeling technique. The…
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Evaluating Support for the Current Classification of Eukaryotic Diversity
Perspectives on the classification of eukaryotic diversity have changed rapidly in recent years, as the four eukaryotic groups within the five-kingdom classification—plants, animals, fungi, and protists—have been transformed through numerous permutations into the current system of six…
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Type III Effector Diversification via Both Pathoadaptation and Horizontal Transfer in Response to a Coevolutionary Arms Race
The concept of the coevolutionary arms race holds a central position in our understanding of pathogen–host interactions. Here we identify the molecular mechanisms and follow the stepwise progression of an arms race in a natural system. We show how the evolution and function of the HopZ family of…
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Secrets of Soil Survival Revealed by the Genome Sequence of Arthrobacter aurescens TC1
Arthrobacter sp. strains are among the most frequently isolated, indigenous, aerobic bacterial genera found in soils. Member of the genus are metabolically and ecologically diverse and have the ability to survive in environmentally harsh conditions for extended periods of time. The genome of…
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Population Structure and Eigenanalysis
Current methods for inferring population structure from genetic data do not provide formal significance tests for population differentiation. We discuss an approach to studying population structure (principal components analysis) that was first applied to genetic data by Cavalli-Sforza and…
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Rifampicin/Cotrimoxazole/Isoniazid Versus Mefloquine or Quinine + Sulfadoxine- Pyrimethamine for Malaria: A Randomized Trial
Objectives: Previous studies of a fixed combination including cotrimoxazole, rifampicin, and isoniazid (Cotrifazid) showed efficacy against resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum in animal models and in small-scale human studies. We conducted a multicentric noninferiority trial to assess the…
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The Suspension of Treatments in ADAPT: Concerns beyond the Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib or Naproxen
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
DARPP-32 Is a Robust Integrator of Dopamine and Glutamate Signals
Integration of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator signals in the striatum plays a central role in the functions and dysfunctions of the basal ganglia. DARPP-32 is a key actor of this integration in the GABAergic medium-size spiny neurons, in particular in response to dopamine and glutamate. When…
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Connectivity in the Yeast Cell Cycle Transcription Network: Inferences from Neural Networks
A current challenge is to develop computational approaches to infer gene network regulatory relationships based on multiple types of large-scale functional genomic data. We find that single-layer feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) models can effectively discover gene network structure by…
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PLoS Biology Issue Image | Vol. 4(12) December 2006
Sleeping red knots (Calidris canutus islandica) in the Wadden Sea, The Netherlands.: Red knots taking a nap during high tide in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Recently, this marine protected area has been commercially exploited by shellfisheries. As reported by van Gils et al., shellfish dredging has been…
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PLoS Medicine Issue Image | Vol. 3(12) December 2006
Mutant Palladin Protein in Pancreatic Cancer.: A germline mutation in the palladin gene associated with familial pancreatic cancer causes abnormal distribution of the cytoskeletal palladin protein in transfected cells, as shown here. The research article by Pogue-Geile et al. reports the…
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A Plant-Derived Morphinan as a Novel Lead Compound Active against Malaria Liver Stages
Background: The global spread of multidrug–resistant malaria parasites has led to an urgent need for new chemotherapeutic agents. Drug discovery is primarily directed to the asexual blood stages, and few drugs that are effective against the obligatory liver stages, from which the pathogenic blood…
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A Genome-Wide Screen for Promoter Methylation in Lung Cancer Identifies Novel Methylation Markers for Multiple Malignancies
Background: Promoter hypermethylation coupled with loss of heterozygosity at the same locus results in loss of gene function in many tumor cells. The “rules” governing which genes are methylated during the pathogenesis of individual cancers, how specific methylation profiles are initially…
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Children with Severe Malnutrition: Can Those at Highest Risk of Death Be Identified with the WHO Protocol?
Background: With strict adherence to international recommended treatment guidelines, the case fatality for severe malnutrition ought to be less than 5%. In African hospitals, fatality rates of 20% are common and are often attributed to poor training and faulty case management. Improving outcome…
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Cost-Effectiveness of Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in a South African Setting
Background: Consistent with observational studies, a randomized controlled intervention trial of adult male circumcision (MC) conducted in the general population in Orange Farm (OF) (Gauteng Province, South Africa) demonstrated a protective effect against HIV acquisition of 60%. The objective of…
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