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Heterogeneous Genomic Molecular Clocks in Primates
Using data from primates, we show that molecular clocks in sites that have been part of a CpG dinucleotide in recent past (CpG sites) and non-CpG sites are of markedly different nature, reflecting differences in their molecular origins. Notably, single nucleotide substitutions at non-CpG sites show…
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Transposition of Reversed Ac Element Ends Generates Novel Chimeric Genes in Maize
The maize Activator/Dissociation (Ac/Ds) elements are members of the hAT (hobo, Ac, and Tam3) superfamily of type II (DNA) transposons that transpose through a “cut-and-paste” mechanism. Previously, we reported that a pair of Ac ends in reversed orientation is capable of undergoing alternative…
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Asymmetrical Reinforcement and Wolbachia Infection in Drosophila
Reinforcement refers to the evolution of increased mating discrimination against heterospecific individuals in zones of geographic overlap and can be considered a final stage in the speciation process. One the factors that may affect reinforcement is the degree to which hybrid matings result in the…
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CDPKs CPK6 and CPK3 Function in ABA Regulation of Guard Cell S-Type Anion- and Ca 2+ - Permeable Channels and Stomatal Closure
Abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction has been proposed to utilize cytosolic Ca2+ in guard cell ion channel regulation. However, genetic mutants in Ca2+ sensors that impair guard cell or plant ion channel signaling responses have not been identified, and whether Ca2+-independent ABA signaling…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Strict Host-Symbiont Cospeciation and Reductive Genome Evolution in Insect Gut Bacteria
Host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution have been identified in obligate endocellular insect symbionts, but no such example has been identified from extracellular ones. Here we first report such a case in stinkbugs of the family Plataspidae, wherein a specific gut bacterium is…
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Infection Status Drives Interspecies Mating Choices in Fruit Fly Females
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Lentiviral Gene Transfer of Rpe65 Rescues Survival and Function of Cones in a Mouse Model of Leber Congenital Amaurosis
Background: RPE65 is specifically expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium and is essential for the recycling of 11-cis-retinal, the chromophore of rod and cone opsins. In humans, mutations in RPE65 lead to Leber congenital amaurosis or early-onset retinal dystrophy, a severe form of retinitis…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
HIV-1 Viral Load Assays for Resource-Limited Settings
The authors discuss studies on the low-cost viral load assays that are currently available and their potential for use in resource-limited settings.
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Cost-Effectiveness Study of Three Antimalarial Drug Combinations in Tanzania
Background: As a result of rising levels of drug resistance to conventional monotherapy, the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international organisations have recommended that malaria endemic countries move to combination therapy, ideally with artemisinin-based combinations (ACTs). Cost is…
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A Population-Based Study on Alcohol and High-Risk Sexual Behaviors in Botswana
Background: In Botswana, an estimated 24% of adults ages 15–49 years are infected with HIV. While alcohol use is strongly associated with HIV infection in Africa, few population-based studies have characterized the association of alcohol use with specific high-risk sexual behaviors. Methods and…
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Responding to AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria, and Emerging Infectious Diseases in Burma: Dilemmas of Policy and Practice
Beyrer and colleagues discuss infectious disease threats in Burma and suggest policy options for responding to them.
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A Signaling Network for Patterning of Neuronal Connectivity in the Drosophila Brain
The precise number and pattern of axonal connections generated during brain development regulates animal behavior. Therefore, understanding how developmental signals interact to regulate axonal extension and retraction to achieve precise neuronal connectivity is a fundamental goal of neurobiology…
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The Role of Compensatory Mutations in the Emergence of Drug Resistance
Pathogens that evolve resistance to drugs usually have reduced fitness. However, mutations that largely compensate for this reduction in fitness often arise. We investigate how these compensatory mutations affect population-wide resistance emergence as a function of drug treatment. Using a model of…
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Large-Scale Turnover of Functional Transcription Factor Binding Sites in Drosophila
The gain and loss of functional transcription factor binding sites has been proposed as a major source of evolutionary change in cis-regulatory DNA and gene expression. We have developed an evolutionary model to study binding-site turnover that uses multiple sequence alignments to assess the…
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Viral and Latent Reservoir Persistence in HIV-1–Infected Patients on Therapy
Despite many years of potent antiretroviral therapy, latently infected cells and low levels of plasma virus have been found to persist in HIV-infected patients. The factors influencing this persistence and their relative contributions have not been fully elucidated and remain controversial. Here…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Quantitative Analyses of Circadian Gene Expression in Mammalian Cell Cultures
The central circadian pacemaker is located in the hypothalamus of mammals, but essentially the same oscillating system operates in peripheral tissues and even in immortalized cell lines. Using luciferase reporters that allow automated monitoring of circadian gene expression in mammalian…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Functionality of Intergenic Transcription: An Evolutionary Comparison
Although a large proportion of human transcription occurs outside the boundaries of known genes, the functional significance of this transcription remains unknown. We have compared the expression patterns of known genes as well as intergenic transcripts within the ENCODE regions between humans and…
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