19 hasil untuk "Annette Fox"
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Influenza Infection Rates, Measurement Errors and the Interpretation of Paired Serology
Serological studies are the gold standard method to estimate influenza infection attack rates (ARs) in human populations. In a common protocol, blood samples are collected before and after the epidemic in a cohort of individuals; and a rise in haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titers…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Surprisingly High Specificity of the PPD Skin Test for M. tuberculosis Infection from Recent Exposure in The Gambia
Background: Options for intervention against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are limited by the diagnostic tools available. The Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) skin test is thought to be non-specific, especially in tropical settings. We compared the PPD skin test with an ELISPOT test in The…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Acute Measles Encephalitis in Partially Vaccinated Adults
Background: The pathogenesis of acute measles encephalitis (AME) is poorly understood. Treatment with immune-modulators is based on theories that post-infectious autoimmune responses cause demyelination. The clinical course and immunological parameters of AME were examined during an outbreak in…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Dengue Virus in Sub-tropical Northern and Central Viet Nam: Population Immunity and Climate Shape Patterns of Viral Invasion and Maintenance
Dengue virus transmission occurs in both epidemic and endemic cycles across tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Incidence is particularly high in much of Southeast Asia, where hyperendemic transmission plagues both urban and rural populations. However, endemicity has not been…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Determinants of Influenza Transmission in South East Asia: Insights from a Household Cohort Study in Vietnam
To guide control policies, it is important that the determinants of influenza transmission are fully characterized. Such assessment is complex because the risk of influenza infection is multifaceted and depends both on immunity acquired naturally or via vaccination and on the individual level of…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Using ELISPOT to Expose False Positive Skin Test Conversion in Tuberculosis Contacts
Background: Repeat tuberculin skin tests may be false positive due to boosting of waned immunity to past mycobacterial exposure. We evaluated whether an ELISPOT test could identify tuberculosis (TB) contacts with boosting of immunity to non-tuberculous mycobacterial exposure. Methodology/Principal…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Social Contact Patterns in Vietnam and Implications for the Control of Infectious Diseases
Background: The spread of infectious diseases from person to person is determined by the frequency and nature of contacts between infected and susceptible members of the population. Although there is a long history of using mathematical models to understand these transmission dynamics, there are…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Longitudinal Assessment of an ELISPOT Test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
Background: Very little longitudinal information is available regarding the performance of T cell-based tests for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. To address this deficiency, we conducted a longitudinal assessment of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot test (ELISPOT) test in comparison to the…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Incidence of Tuberculosis and the Predictive Value of ELISPOT and Mantoux Tests in Gambian Case Contacts
Background: Studies of Tuberculosis (TB) case contacts are increasingly being utilised for understanding the relationship between M. tuberculosis and the human host and for assessing new interventions and diagnostic tests. We aimed to identify the incidence rate of new TB cases among TB contacts…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Klebsiella pneumoniae Oropharyngeal Carriage in Rural and Urban Vietnam and the Effect of Alcohol Consumption
Introduction: Community acquired K. pneumoniae pneumonia is still common in Asia and is reportedly associated with alcohol use. Oropharyngeal carriage of K. pneumoniae could potentially play a role in the pathogenesis of K. pneumoniae pneumonia. However, little is known regarding K. pneumoniae…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Diagnostic Accuracy of Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility (MODS) Assay for Pediatric Tuberculosis in Hanoi, Vietnam
Introduction: icroscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility (MODS) has been shown to be an effective and rapid technique for early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). Thus far only a limited number of studies evaluating MODS have been performed in children and in extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. This study…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Immunological and Viral Determinants of Dengue Severity in Hospitalized Adults in Ha Noi, Viet Nam
Background: The relationships between the infecting dengue serotype, primary and secondary infection, viremia and dengue severity remain unclear. This cross-sectional study examined these interactions in adult patients hospitalized with dengue in Ha Noi. Methods and Findings: 158 patients were…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Severe Pandemic H1N1 2009 Infection Is Associated with Transient NK and T Deficiency and Aberrant CD8 Responses
Background: It is unclear why the severity of influenza varies in healthy adults or why the burden of severe influenza shifts to young adults when pandemic strains emerge. One possibility is that cross-protective T cell responses wane in this age group in the absence of recent infection. We…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Streptococcus suis , an Important Cause of Adult Bacterial Meningitis in Northern Vietnam
Background: Streptococcus suis can cause severe systemic infection in adults exposed to infected pigs or after consumption of undercooked pig products. S. suis is often misdiagnosed, due to lack of awareness and improper testing. Here we report the first fifty cases diagnosed with S. suis infection…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Oseltamivir Is Adequately Absorbed Following Nasogastric Administration to Adult Patients with Severe H5N1 Influenza
In the absence of a parenteral drug, oral oseltamivir is currently recommended by the WHO for treating H5N1 influenza. Whether oseltamivir absorption is adequate in severe influenza is unknown. We measured the steady state, plasma concentrations of nasogastrically administered oseltamivir 150 mg…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Patient-Based Transcriptome-Wide Analysis Identify Interferon and Ubiquination Pathways as Potential Predictors of Influenza A Disease Severity
Background: The influenza A virus is an RNA virus that is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide with up to five million cases of severe illness and 500,000 deaths annually according to the World Health Organization estimates. The factors associated with severe diseases are not well defined…
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Artikel Jurnal Teks lengkap
Influenza A H5N1 Clade 2.3.4 Virus with a Different Antiviral Susceptibility Profile Replaced Clade 1 Virus in Humans in Northern Vietnam
Background: Prior to 2007, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses isolated from poultry and humans in Vietnam were consistently reported to be clade 1 viruses, susceptible to oseltamivir but resistant to amantadine. Here we describe the re-emergence of human HPAI H5N1 virus…